Inside Kazakhstan’s Eagle Hunting: Tradition, Mastery, and the Revival of a Legendary Art. Discover how this centuries-old practice is captivating new generations and global audiences. (2025)

• Origins and Historical Significance of Eagle Hunting in Kazakhstan
• The Golden Eagle: Biology, Training, and Bond with Hunters
• Traditional Techniques and Tools of the Kazakh Eagle Hunter
• Cultural Rituals, Festivals, and Community Involvement
• Role of Women and Youth in the Revival of Eagle Hunting
• Conservation Efforts and Ethical Considerations
• Eagle Hunting in Modern Media and International Tourism
• Technological Innovations: Tracking, Training, and Preservation
• Market and Public Interest: Growth, Forecasts, and Global Appeal
• Future Outlook: Challenges, Opportunities, and the Next Generation
• Sources & References

Origins and Historical Significance of Eagle Hunting in Kazakhstan

Eagle hunting, known locally as “berkutchi,” is a centuries-old tradition in Kazakhstan, deeply embedded in the cultural and historical fabric of the Kazakh people. The origins of this practice trace back over 2,000 years, with archaeological evidence suggesting that nomadic tribes of the Central Asian steppes, including the ancestors of modern Kazakhs, trained birds of prey for hunting as early as the Bronze Age. The tradition is believed to have been influenced by the need for survival in the harsh steppe environment, where skilled hunters relied on golden eagles (Aquila chrysaetos) to catch foxes, hares, and even wolves for fur and food.

Historically, eagle hunting was not merely a means of subsistence but also a symbol of status and bravery among Kazakh nomads. Mastery of the art required years of apprenticeship and was often passed down through generations, forming a vital part of the social structure within clans. The relationship between the hunter and the eagle is one of mutual respect and trust, with the training process involving intricate knowledge of avian behavior and the natural environment. This bond is celebrated in Kazakh oral literature, epic poetry, and folklore, where the eagle often represents freedom, power, and the spirit of the steppe.

The significance of eagle hunting extends beyond its practical applications. It has played a crucial role in shaping Kazakh identity, especially during periods of foreign domination and cultural suppression. During the Soviet era, many traditional practices were discouraged or banned, yet eagle hunting persisted in remote regions, serving as a quiet form of cultural resistance and continuity. In the post-independence era, Kazakhstan has actively promoted berkutchi as a symbol of national heritage, featuring it prominently in cultural festivals and international exhibitions.

Today, eagle hunting is recognized as an important element of Kazakhstan’s intangible cultural heritage. The practice is celebrated annually at events such as the “Golden Eagle Festival,” which attracts both local practitioners and international visitors. Efforts to preserve and promote berkutchi are supported by organizations dedicated to safeguarding traditional knowledge and biodiversity. The golden eagle itself is protected under national conservation laws, reflecting the intertwined fate of the species and the cultural practice. The tradition of eagle hunting in Kazakhstan stands as a living testament to the resilience and adaptability of nomadic culture, continuing to inspire pride and identity among Kazakhs in the 21st century.

• For more on the protection of golden eagles and their cultural significance, see International Union for Conservation of Nature.
• Information on Kazakhstan’s efforts to safeguard intangible cultural heritage can be found at UNESCO.

The Golden Eagle: Biology, Training, and Bond with Hunters

The tradition of eagle hunting in Kazakhstan centers on the majestic golden eagle (Aquila chrysaetos), a raptor renowned for its keen eyesight, powerful talons, and remarkable intelligence. Golden eagles are among the largest birds of prey in the Northern Hemisphere, with wingspans reaching up to 2.3 meters and weights of up to 7 kilograms. Their natural habitat includes the vast steppes and rugged mountains of Central Asia, where they play a crucial ecological role as apex predators.

In Kazakhstan, the practice of training golden eagles—locally known as berkut—is a centuries-old tradition, passed down through generations of Kazakh nomads. The process begins with the careful selection of a young female eagle, typically taken from the wild at a few months old. Female eagles are preferred due to their larger size and greater hunting prowess. The initial phase of training, called balapan, involves acclimating the eagle to human presence and establishing a bond of trust. This is achieved through daily handling, feeding, and gentle interaction, fostering a unique partnership between bird and hunter.

The training regimen is rigorous and methodical. Hunters, known as berkutchi, use traditional leather gloves and hoods to protect themselves and calm the eagle. Over time, the eagle learns to respond to vocal commands and gestures, returning to the hunter’s arm after a successful hunt. The birds are trained to hunt a variety of prey, including foxes, hares, and even wolves, demonstrating their formidable strength and agility. The relationship between the berkutchi and their eagle is built on mutual respect and deep understanding, often lasting for over a decade before the eagle is released back into the wild to breed.

The cultural significance of eagle hunting in Kazakhstan is recognized by international organizations. In 2010, UNESCO inscribed the art of eagle hunting on the Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity, acknowledging its role in preserving traditional knowledge and fostering community identity. The practice is also supported by local conservation efforts, which aim to protect golden eagle populations and their habitats in the region. Organizations such as the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) monitor the status of golden eagles globally, emphasizing the importance of sustainable practices in traditional hunting.

Through a combination of biological understanding, skilled training, and cultural reverence, the bond between Kazakh hunters and their golden eagles endures as a living testament to the harmony between humans and nature on the Central Asian steppes.

Traditional Techniques and Tools of the Kazakh Eagle Hunter

Kazakhstan’s eagle hunting tradition, known locally as “berkutchi,” is a centuries-old practice that relies on a unique set of techniques and specialized tools, passed down through generations. The art of eagle hunting is deeply intertwined with the nomadic heritage of the Kazakh people, reflecting both their adaptation to the harsh steppe environment and their reverence for the golden eagle (Aquila chrysaetos), the primary bird used in this practice.

The process begins with the careful selection and capture of a young female golden eagle, considered more aggressive and effective hunters. Hunters, or “berkutchi,” often seek eaglets from wild nests, typically choosing those that have not yet learned to fly. The training process is intensive and can last several years, involving daily interaction to build trust and communication between the hunter and the eagle. Techniques include feeding by hand, voice commands, and the use of a special hood, called a “tomaga,” which keeps the eagle calm by limiting its vision until the moment of the hunt.

Traditional tools are essential to the practice. The “baldak,” a wooden perch attached to the hunter’s saddle, allows the eagle to rest during long rides. The “biyalai,” a thick leather glove, protects the hunter’s arm from the eagle’s powerful talons. Hunters also use a “shyrga,” a lure made from fox or rabbit fur, to train the eagle in targeting prey. The attire of the berkutchi is adapted for both protection and mobility, often featuring heavy felt coats and fur hats to withstand the cold Kazakh winters.

The hunt itself is a display of coordination and skill. Mounted on horseback, the berkutchi releases the eagle upon spotting prey—typically foxes, hares, or even wolves. The eagle’s keen eyesight and swift flight are crucial, and the hunter must read subtle cues from the bird to ensure a successful hunt. After the catch, a ritualized process of reward and care reinforces the bond between hunter and eagle.

Today, these traditional techniques and tools are preserved and promoted by organizations such as the Kazakhstan National Tourism Board, which supports cultural festivals and training programs to sustain the practice. The art of eagle hunting is also recognized as part of Kazakhstan’s intangible cultural heritage, reflecting its enduring significance in the nation’s identity and the ongoing efforts to safeguard it for future generations.

Cultural Rituals, Festivals, and Community Involvement

Kazakhstan’s eagle hunting, known locally as “berkutchi,” is not only a traditional form of falconry but also a vibrant cultural practice deeply woven into the social fabric of Kazakh communities. The art of training golden eagles to hunt foxes, hares, and other small animals has been passed down through generations, serving as both a means of survival and a symbol of heritage. Today, eagle hunting is celebrated through a variety of cultural rituals, festivals, and community events that reinforce communal bonds and national identity.

One of the most significant cultural rituals associated with eagle hunting is the initiation of young hunters, or “berkutchi.” This process involves a series of ceremonies where elders impart knowledge about eagle care, training, and the ethical responsibilities of hunting. The relationship between hunter and eagle is considered sacred, and rituals often include offerings and blessings to ensure a successful partnership. These traditions are typically observed within family circles and local communities, emphasizing respect for nature and ancestral wisdom.

Festivals dedicated to eagle hunting are prominent in Kazakhstan, with the most renowned being the annual “Golden Eagle Festival.” Although the festival originated in neighboring Mongolia, Kazakhstan hosts its own large-scale events, particularly in regions such as Almaty and East Kazakhstan. These festivals attract local and international visitors, showcasing the skills of berkutchi through competitions in speed, agility, and hunting prowess. Participants don traditional attire, and the events are accompanied by folk music, dance, and displays of Kazakh crafts, creating a vibrant atmosphere that celebrates national heritage.

Community involvement is central to the preservation and promotion of eagle hunting traditions. Local organizations, such as the QazaqGeography (Kazakhstan National Geographic Society), play a pivotal role in documenting, supporting, and educating the public about the cultural and ecological significance of berkutchi. These organizations collaborate with schools, museums, and cultural centers to organize workshops, exhibitions, and educational programs aimed at younger generations. Such initiatives ensure that the knowledge and values associated with eagle hunting are transmitted and adapted to contemporary society.

In 2010, UNESCO recognized the tradition of eagle hunting as part of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity, underscoring its importance not only to Kazakhstan but to global cultural diversity. This recognition has further galvanized community efforts to safeguard the practice, encouraging sustainable tourism and international cultural exchange. Through rituals, festivals, and active community engagement, eagle hunting remains a living tradition that continues to unite and inspire the people of Kazakhstan.

Role of Women and Youth in the Revival of Eagle Hunting

In recent years, the revival of eagle hunting in Kazakhstan has seen a significant and transformative involvement of women and youth, marking a departure from the tradition’s historically male-dominated roots. Eagle hunting, or “berkutchi,” is an ancient practice among the Kazakh people, where golden eagles are trained to hunt small mammals and foxes. Traditionally, this skill was passed down from father to son, with few women participating openly. However, the 21st century has witnessed a cultural shift, as both women and younger generations increasingly engage in and promote this heritage.

Women’s participation in eagle hunting has become a symbol of both cultural preservation and gender empowerment. Notably, figures such as Aisholpan Nurgaiv, a young Kazakh eagle huntress from neighboring Mongolia, have inspired Kazakh women to pursue the art. In Kazakhstan, local festivals and competitions now feature female berkutchi, who are recognized for their skill and dedication. This inclusion is supported by organizations such as the Kazakhstan National Tourism Organization, which actively promotes eagle hunting as a living tradition accessible to all genders. The visibility of women in eagle hunting challenges stereotypes and encourages broader societal acceptance, fostering a more inclusive environment for cultural practices.

Youth involvement is equally crucial to the revival and sustainability of eagle hunting in Kazakhstan. As rural populations decline and urbanization increases, there is a risk that traditional knowledge could be lost. To counter this, local communities and cultural associations have established training programs and workshops aimed at young people. These initiatives are often supported by the Ministry of Culture and Information of the Republic of Kazakhstan, which recognizes eagle hunting as an intangible cultural heritage and provides resources for its transmission. Through mentorship and hands-on experience, young Kazakhs learn not only the technical skills of training and hunting with eagles but also the ethical and ecological values embedded in the tradition.

The active engagement of women and youth has revitalized eagle hunting, ensuring its relevance in contemporary Kazakh society. Their participation is celebrated at national festivals, such as the annual “Salburun” and “Golden Eagle Festival,” which attract international attention and foster intercultural dialogue. By embracing inclusivity and innovation, Kazakhstan’s eagle hunting community demonstrates resilience and adaptability, securing the future of this unique cultural practice for generations to come.

Conservation Efforts and Ethical Considerations

Kazakhstan’s tradition of eagle hunting, known locally as “berkutchi,” is a centuries-old practice that has become emblematic of the country’s nomadic heritage. However, as global awareness of wildlife conservation and animal welfare grows, the practice faces increasing scrutiny and adaptation. Conservation efforts and ethical considerations now play a pivotal role in ensuring that eagle hunting persists in a manner that respects both cultural heritage and the well-being of golden eagles (Aquila chrysaetos).

Golden eagles are protected under several international agreements, including the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), to which Kazakhstan is a signatory. These regulations restrict the capture and trade of wild raptors, requiring hunters to obtain permits and adhere to strict guidelines regarding the care, training, and eventual release of the birds. The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) lists the golden eagle as a species of “Least Concern,” but local populations can be vulnerable to habitat loss, illegal poaching, and declining prey availability.

In Kazakhstan, eagle hunting is regulated by national wildlife protection laws, which are enforced by the Ministry of Ecology and Natural Resources. These laws stipulate that only a limited number of eagles may be taken from the wild, and that hunters must demonstrate proficiency in traditional training methods that prioritize the health and safety of the birds. Many berkutchi now participate in breeding and rehabilitation programs, working with ornithological organizations to ensure that eagle populations remain stable and genetically diverse.

Ethical considerations are increasingly central to the practice. Traditional berkutchi typically capture juvenile eagles, train them for several years, and then release them back into the wild to breed, a cycle that helps maintain wild populations. Modern practitioners are encouraged to follow these customs, and some festivals and competitions now require proof of ethical treatment and proper release protocols. The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) has recognized Kazakh eagle hunting as an Intangible Cultural Heritage, emphasizing the importance of safeguarding both the tradition and the species involved.

Ongoing collaboration between local communities, conservationists, and international bodies is essential to balance cultural preservation with ecological responsibility. By integrating scientific research, legal frameworks, and traditional knowledge, Kazakhstan aims to ensure that eagle hunting remains a sustainable and ethically sound practice for future generations.

Eagle Hunting in Modern Media and International Tourism

Eagle hunting, or “berkutchi,” is a centuries-old tradition in Kazakhstan, where skilled hunters train golden eagles to hunt foxes, hares, and other small animals. In recent decades, this unique cultural practice has gained significant attention in modern media and has become a focal point for international tourism. The visual spectacle of a hunter on horseback with a majestic eagle perched on their arm has captivated audiences worldwide, leading to increased documentation in films, documentaries, and photography exhibitions. Notably, the tradition was featured in the acclaimed documentary “The Eagle Huntress,” which brought global awareness to the role of women in this male-dominated practice and highlighted the cultural significance of eagle hunting in Kazakh society.

Kazakhstan has actively promoted eagle hunting as a symbol of national heritage. The annual Golden Eagle Festival, held in the Altai region, attracts both local and international visitors eager to witness the skills of berkutchi and their birds. These festivals often include demonstrations, competitions, and opportunities for tourists to interact with hunters and learn about the intricate process of training eagles. The event is supported by local tourism authorities and is part of broader efforts to preserve intangible cultural heritage, as recognized by organizations such as UNESCO, which inscribed the art of eagle hunting on its Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity.

The rise of social media platforms and digital storytelling has further amplified the visibility of Kazakh eagle hunting. Photographers and filmmakers from around the world travel to Kazakhstan to document the practice, sharing striking images and stories that reach global audiences. This exposure has contributed to a surge in cultural tourism, with specialized tours offering immersive experiences that include eagle hunting demonstrations, traditional Kazakh hospitality, and exploration of the country’s vast steppe landscapes. The Kazakhstan Tourism Board actively markets these experiences, positioning eagle hunting as a unique draw for adventure and culture-oriented travelers.

While the increased attention has brought economic benefits and renewed pride in Kazakh traditions, it also raises questions about authenticity and sustainability. Some experts and cultural organizations emphasize the importance of maintaining the integrity of eagle hunting practices, ensuring that commercialization does not undermine the deep-rooted values and skills passed down through generations. Ongoing collaboration between local communities, tourism authorities, and international bodies like UNESCO is crucial to balancing preservation with the demands of modern tourism and media representation.

Technological Innovations: Tracking, Training, and Preservation

Kazakhstan’s ancient tradition of eagle hunting, or “berkutchi,” is experiencing a transformation through the integration of modern technological innovations. These advancements are enhancing the ways in which hunters track, train, and preserve both the golden eagles and the cultural heritage associated with this practice.

One of the most significant technological developments in recent years is the use of GPS tracking devices. Lightweight, solar-powered GPS transmitters are now being fitted to the legs or backs of trained golden eagles. This technology allows hunters and researchers to monitor the birds’ movements in real time, providing valuable data on flight patterns, hunting ranges, and habitat use. Such information is crucial for both the effective training of the birds and for broader conservation efforts, as it helps identify critical habitats and migration corridors that require protection. Organizations such as the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) have highlighted the importance of tracking technologies in raptor conservation, supporting efforts to ensure the long-term survival of golden eagles in Central Asia.

In the realm of training, high-speed cameras and drone technology are being adopted by some Kazakh berkutchi to analyze and refine hunting techniques. Drones can simulate prey, allowing eagles to practice their hunting skills in a controlled environment, while slow-motion video analysis helps trainers better understand the birds’ responses and improve their methods. These tools not only enhance the efficiency of training but also reduce risks to both the birds and their handlers.

Preservation of the tradition itself is also benefiting from digital innovation. Digital archiving projects, supported by cultural organizations and academic institutions, are documenting the oral histories, techniques, and rituals of eagle hunting. These archives ensure that the knowledge is preserved for future generations, even as lifestyles change. Additionally, virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR) experiences are being developed to educate the public and promote cultural tourism, offering immersive insights into the world of Kazakh eagle hunters.

Collaboration with international conservation bodies, such as the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), which has recognized the art of eagle hunting as part of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity, further supports preservation efforts. These partnerships facilitate the exchange of best practices and the implementation of advanced monitoring and training technologies, ensuring that both the eagles and the tradition continue to thrive in the 21st century.

Market and Public Interest: Growth, Forecasts, and Global Appeal

Kazakhstan’s ancient tradition of eagle hunting, known locally as “berkutchi,” has experienced a notable resurgence in both domestic and international interest over the past decade. This revival is driven by a combination of cultural preservation efforts, tourism development, and global fascination with unique heritage practices. The Kazakh government, through its Ministry of Culture and Sports, has actively promoted eagle hunting as an intangible cultural heritage, supporting festivals, training centers, and international exhibitions to showcase the skill and artistry involved in this practice.

The market for eagle hunting in Kazakhstan is closely tied to cultural tourism. Each year, the Kazakhstan National Tourism Board reports increasing numbers of visitors attending eagle hunting festivals, particularly the annual Golden Eagle Festival in the Almaty and East Kazakhstan regions. These events attract not only local spectators but also international tourists, wildlife photographers, and documentary filmmakers, contributing to the growth of eco- and ethno-tourism sectors. According to the Kazakhstan National Tourism Board, tourism related to traditional practices, including eagle hunting, is forecasted to grow steadily through 2025, supported by government initiatives to diversify the national tourism portfolio.

Globally, eagle hunting has garnered attention as a symbol of sustainable human-wildlife interaction and cultural resilience. International organizations such as UNESCO have recognized the significance of Kazakh eagle hunting by inscribing it on the Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity. This recognition has amplified global awareness and encouraged cross-border collaborations, with eagle hunters from Kazakhstan participating in cultural exchanges and festivals in Mongolia, Kyrgyzstan, and beyond.

Forecasts for 2025 suggest continued growth in public interest, with digital media and social platforms playing a pivotal role in expanding the global audience. Documentaries, virtual tours, and educational content produced in collaboration with Kazakh institutions are expected to further boost the profile of eagle hunting. The UNESCO listing, combined with national branding efforts, positions Kazakhstan as a leading destination for cultural heritage tourism, with eagle hunting as a flagship attraction.

• Domestic and international festival attendance is projected to rise, with new infrastructure investments in key regions.
• Collaborations between Kazakh eagle hunters and wildlife conservation groups are anticipated to enhance the practice’s sustainability and ethical standards.
• Educational programs and apprenticeships are being expanded to ensure the transmission of eagle hunting skills to younger generations.

In summary, Kazakhstan’s eagle hunting tradition is poised for sustained growth in market and public interest through 2025, underpinned by strategic cultural promotion, international recognition, and evolving global appeal.

Future Outlook: Challenges, Opportunities, and the Next Generation

Kazakhstan’s ancient tradition of eagle hunting, known locally as “berkutchi,” faces a complex future shaped by both challenges and opportunities as the country moves into 2025. This practice, which involves training golden eagles to hunt foxes, hares, and other small animals, is deeply embedded in Kazakh cultural identity and has been recognized as an element of intangible cultural heritage. However, the sustainability of eagle hunting is increasingly threatened by modernization, environmental changes, and shifting social dynamics.

One of the primary challenges is the declining number of practicing eagle hunters. As younger generations migrate to urban centers for education and employment, fewer individuals remain in rural areas to learn and continue the tradition. The intricate skills required for eagle hunting are typically passed down through apprenticeships within families or local communities, making the loss of practitioners a significant threat to the continuity of the practice. Additionally, habitat loss and declining populations of both golden eagles and their prey due to environmental degradation and climate change further complicate the future of berkutchi.

Despite these challenges, there are notable opportunities for revitalization and adaptation. The Kazakh government, in collaboration with cultural organizations, has taken steps to promote and safeguard eagle hunting. Annual festivals, such as the National Eagle Hunting Festival, serve to raise awareness, attract tourism, and foster pride in this unique heritage. These events not only provide economic incentives for rural communities but also create platforms for intergenerational knowledge transfer. Furthermore, eagle hunting has gained international recognition, with UNESCO inscribing it on the Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity, which has helped to mobilize support for its preservation (UNESCO).

Looking ahead, the next generation of eagle hunters will likely benefit from increased institutional support and educational initiatives. Efforts to integrate eagle hunting into school curricula and extracurricular programs are emerging, aiming to spark interest among youth. Conservation organizations are also working to protect golden eagle habitats and ensure sustainable populations, which is essential for the long-term viability of the tradition (International Union for Conservation of Nature). The intersection of cultural preservation, environmental stewardship, and community development will be critical in shaping the future of eagle hunting in Kazakhstan.

In summary, while Kazakhstan’s eagle hunting tradition faces significant hurdles, proactive measures by governmental, cultural, and conservation bodies offer hope for its continued relevance. The engagement of the next generation, supported by both local and international initiatives, will determine whether this iconic practice thrives in the decades to come.

Sources & References

• International Union for Conservation of Nature
• UNESCO
• Kazakhstan National Tourism Board
• QazaqGeography
• United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization
• International Union for Conservation of Nature